Short variable declarations rulebook

How to use short variable declarations properly.

👉 You can’t use it to declare package-level variables.

illegal := 42

func foo() {
  legal := 42
}

Because, at package level, every declaration should start with a keyword like var, const, func, type, and import.

👉 You can’t use it twice:

legal := 42
legal := 42 // <-- error

Because, := introduces "a new variable", hence using it twice does not redeclare a second variable, so it's illegal.

👉 You can use them twice in “multi-variable” declarations if one of the variables are new:

foo, bar  := someFunc()
foo, jazz := someFunc()  // <-- jazz is new
baz, foo  := someFunc()  // <-- baz is new

This is legal, because, you’re not redeclaring variables, you’re just reassigning new values to the existing variables, with some new variables.

👉 You can use them if a variable already declared with the same name before:

var foo int = 34

func some() {
  // because foo here is scoped to some func
  foo := 42  // <-- legal
  foo = 314  // <-- legal
}

Here, foo := 42 is legal, because, it redeclares foo in some() func's scope. foo = 314 is legal, because, it just reassigns a new value to foo.

👉 You can use them for multi-variable declarations and assignments:

foo, bar   := 42, 314
jazz, bazz := 22, 7

👉 You can reuse them in scoped statement contexts like if, for, switch:

foo := 42
if foo := someFunc(); foo == 314 {
  // foo is scoped to 314 here
  // ...
}
// foo is still 42 here

Because, if foo := ... assignment, only accessible to that if clause.

If you want learn everything about Go variables, be sure to read the following guide with full of tips and tricks:

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